Posts Tagged ‘European Union’

Greece will have to wait for next round of cash – German minister

Friday, November 9th, 2012

Germany, the pillar of European economic stability, is skeptical that Athens will receive the next tranche of aid “in the coming weeks,” despite painful new austerity measures adopted this week in Greek Parliament.

German Finance Minister Wolfgang Schaeuble, one of the main architects of the Greek response team, warned Thursday that it is unlikely that Greece will reach a quick deal with its international creditors on the next credit line.

“At the moment I do not see the decisions being made” that are required for a definitive agreement between the Troika of international auditors examining Greece’s finances and the Greek government, he told a conference in Hamburg.

Despite the poor assessment, the minister welcomed Athens’ new measures, which were approved on Wednesday, by saying that Greece has “a pro-European majority and it held last night despite demonstrations and a general strike. All is not lost – all is not won either, but we have no use for cynicism… the Greeks want to remain in the euro.” 

This is a conclusion with which many Greeks seem to disagree, as massive demonstrations ahead of Wednesday’s vote erupted in the capital. At least 100 people were detained as police used tear gas and water cannons to disperse a crowd that voiced anger against a rise in the retirement age to 67, cuts to minimum wage and benefit reductions.

While the rallies pushed forth with their demands, Greek Parliament agreed by a narrow margin to €18.5 billion in budget cuts demanded by creditors.

Now Greece awaits the €31.5-billion tranche of aid from the Troika – the European Central Bank, European Union and the International Monetary Fund, its fourth emergency loan package in three years.

Economics analyst Antonis Vradis says the massive new loan will simply create more debt for the country.

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Germans could be consigned to serfdom to save the euro

Monday, September 10th, 2012

Some commentators have taken to referring to this Wednesday as “the day that could make or break the common currency”, and they’re not far off the mark. On that day, Germany’s constitutional court will announce its verdict on the legality of the European Stability Mechanism, the permanent rescue fund for struggling eurozone countries. If implemented, the ESM’s share capital of €700bn would be provided by all 17 eurozone members in proportion to their economic size. Fourteen have so far ratified the treaty – Estonia, Italy and Germany are the only ones remaining.

The German government has defended the ESM treaty, claiming it would fix Germany’s maximum liability at €190bn, and that the Bundestag would retain control over the grant of further assistance. Either German politicians have not read the treaty they have signed, or they do not understand its small print, for there is little in the document that supports their interpretation. Because the ESM is plainly unlawful.

For example, article 25(2) of the treaty states that members are jointly liable for any losses arising from loans made by the ESM. That means if one or more of the ESM members fail to meet their agreed financial contributions, the other members are liable for the shortfall. That situation is already a reality, because Greece and Portugal are unable to make any contribution.

Article 21 further authorises the ESM to borrow on the capital markets, from banks or from other financial institutions, which presumably includes the European Central Bank. There is no overall borrowing limit. The ESM effectively provides for the possibility of monetary state financing through the ECB. ESM members are again jointly and severally liable for all losses that may be incurred on money borrowed by the ESM to lend more money that cannot be repaid. Worse, those receiving the money are at the same time liable for any losses from bad debts – they are lending the money to themselves. If they are insolvent, their share of the loss will have to be borne by those still able to pay. Payer countries thus pay twice – for their share of the loss, and that share of the loss the defaulting country lent to itself.

Contrary to the position of the German government, the ESM does not contain any limit on the extent of any member state’s overall liability. If the ESM governors issue shares in excess of their nominal value, issue bonds or borrow from the ECB, and only one or two states become insolvent or leave the eurozone, Germany’s exposure under the ESM could easily rise to between €400bn and €500bn. If the crisis worsens, Germany’s likely ESM losses could exceed €700bn. That would push up its public debt to 110% of GDP and beyond.

Germany’s federal budget has a size of slightly over €300bn per annum. The ESM would, on realistic assumptions, increase Germany’s exposure to losses in the weaker eurozone economies by between one and a half and twice the size of the federal budget. If Germany’s other potential liabilities as an ECB shareholder and its additional aid to Greece, Ireland and Spain are taken into account, total exposure could reach a sum equivalent to four or five times the size of the federal budget.

Even if only part of Germany’s total claims against other eurozone governments eventually have to be written off, the loss would run into hundreds of billions and effectively extinguish the Bundestag’s financial room for manoeuvre – its budgetary autonomy – for a generation and beyond.

The ESM is not only patently in breach of the German constitution, it also violates every relevant provision of the EU treaties. Article 123 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) – which replaced the EC treaty – forbids the use of the printing press to bankroll governments and public authorities, makes it unlawful for them to borrow from the ECB or the national central banks, and expressly prohibits the sale of government bonds to the ECB.

The ESM would create a parallel “bad bank”, which would be allowed to do everything the ECB is ostensibly prevented from doing under the treaties: to buy government bonds directly, to lend to national government, to grant such loans without any prescribed limit, and to rescue insolvent banks. Once the ESM runs out of money, it can borrow directly from the ECB – which will print the funds needed.

Moreover, the ECB president, Mario Draghi, has already indicated that he would take bond buys by the ESM as a green light that the ECB is no longer bound by the restrictions of article 123. At present the ECB has about €220bn in sub-standard Greek and other southern European government bonds on its balance sheet, in addition to much a higher sum of “shaky” government debt instruments deposited by banks as “securities” for ECB loans. Draghi refuses to disclose the breakdown of government debt on the ECB’s books or their credit rating. The ESM treaty effectively provides for the mutualisation of national debt within the EU with no upper limit. Save for eurobonds, there could be no more flagrant violation of the “no bail” clause of article 125.

Unless wages can be depressed further, inflation will eventually rise significantly due to the combined effect of an increase in the money supply and a depreciation of the euro, with resulting increases in import prices – especially of oil and gas. That trend will accelerate every time the ECB fires its so-called “big bazooka”. Draghi has waited for the opportune moment, and is inaugurating the “lirafication” of the euro, the redefinition of the eurozone along Italian lines. Nothing could be more antithetical to the original “Bundesbank” model for the ECB and Article 127 TFEU, which says price stability and maintenance of the euro’s purchasing power are the ECB’s primary objectives.

Yet, despite the ESM breaching German law and EU treaties, few observers expect Germany’s constitutional court to say so, although many think it may ask for minor changes.

If implemented, the ESM will reverse the greatest 19th-century political achievement in Europe: the transfer of the power to determine taxation and expenditure from unaccountable monarchical governments to formally accountable parliaments. The eurocratic transformation will have taken place through systematic disregard by the EU institutions and its member states of practically all legal and constitutional safeguards put in place to prevent precisely the disaster that has befallen the eurozone now.

In the 18th century, the Landgrave of Hesse sold thousands of men into military service for the British crown. Today Germany’s political establishment seems committed to consigning German taxpayers to economic serfdom and stagflation for at least a generation – not for gold, to be fair, but for the euro, to assuage the markets and to appease international opinion. The issue is: will the German constitutional court take itself and the German voter seriously? Law, one had better remind oneself, is the continuation of politics by other means.

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68 Migrants arrive on Spanish islet off Moroccan coast

Monday, September 3rd, 2012

A group of 68 illegal immigrants, among them 17 women and three minors, arrived by sea Sunday on Isla de Tierra, a Spanish islet located in the Alhucemas archipelago off Morocco’s Mediterranean coast.

It was the largest group of undocumented migrants to arrive to date on the rocky outcrops or small islands under Spanish sovereignty in North Africa.

According to what local police told Efe, the migrants, most of whom were of Sub-Saharan origin, arrived on the tiny island, where another 13 migrants had already come ashore, on Sunday morning.

Almost at the same time, another 60 Sub-Saharan immigrants tried – apparently unsuccessfully – to get over the border fence at Melilla, an autonomous Spanish city on the northern Moroccan coast located about 100 kilometers (62 miles) from Isla de Tierra.

Officials with the Spanish Interior Ministry told Efe that the three minors in the group of 68 migrants will be transferred to Melilla in the coming hours given that they are the most vulnerable among the group, while the rest will remain on the islet waiting for Spanish and Moroccan authorities to arrive at a solution to the dilemma they pose.

Isla de Tierra made the news last Wednesday when 19 migrants arrived there in a barge.

Six of them – three babies and three women, one of whom was pregnant and the other two of whom had small children with them – were transported to Melilla, while the other 13 remained on the island, which up to the time of their arrival had been uninhabited.

The Spanish military garrison stationed at Peñon de Alhucemas, which is near Isla de Tierra, took charge of supplying blankets, fresh water and food to the 13 migrants who remained on the island until the arrival of this new group.

The Spanish government delegate in Melilla, Abdelmalik El Barkani, said Sunday that the arrival of the migrants was a “perfectly coordinated and orchestrated” act by the criminal groups who traffic in human beings and put their lives at risk, including the lives of children.

El Barkani said that the “delicate” situation unfolding on the Isla de Tierra since Aug. 29, when the first group of 19 migrants arrived, brings “out into the open” the need to coordinate an immigration policy – including to a greater degree than heretofore the European Union – that disrupts the business of human trafficking rings. EFE

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Immigrants march in Greece against racist attacks

Sunday, August 26th, 2012

Thousands of immigrants marched in Athens on Friday to protest police sweeps and a rash of racist attacks in Greece as the country struggles to pull itself out of a huge debt crisis.

Greece is a major gateway for mostly Asian and African migrants trying to enter the European Union. They face increased hostility as the country struggles through its deepest post- World War Two recession and record unemployment, propelling the ultra-nationalist Golden Dawn party to parliament for the first time since the fall of a military junta in 1974.

About 5,000 protesters marched to parliament holding banners reading “No Islamophobia” and “Neo Nazis out!” in one of the biggest anti-racism marches in Athens in recent years.

Tensions between immigrants and Greeks have risen sharply in recent months and the demonstration was held a day after police detained hundreds of undocumented immigrants in the western city of Corinth as part of a nationwide sweep and held them in a former army camp.

The move enraged local authorities and residents who rallied outside the army camp to protest against its conversion into an immigrant detention center.

“We will do everything possible to prevent such a disaster,” Corinth’s mayor Alexandros Pnevmatikos told Skai TV. “We don’t want the camp, which is in the centre of the city, close to densely populated neighborhoods, to become a holding center”.

Far-right protesters and supporters of Golden Dawn clashed with police at the entrance of the camp on Thursday and hundreds of protesters, including small groups of ultra-nationalists, returned to protest on Friday. Some hurled bottles of water at a conservative deputy visiting the camp.

Police this month launched a sweep operation called “Xenios Zeus” after the ancient Greek god of guests and travelers. They have so far arrested hundreds of illegal immigrants.

Racist attacks against immigrants have increased in Greece since the economic crisis flared in 2009, according to pro-immigrant groups which accuse the police of turning a blind eye.

Human Rights Watch said in a report last month that it had interviewed 59 people who suffered or escaped a racist incident between August 2009 and May this year. But the advocacy group added that the true extent of xenophobic violence in Greece was not clear given many victims do not report the crimes.

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Mass Deportations of Immigrants From Greece Betrays Misplaced Blame and Frustration

Wednesday, August 8th, 2012

Greece is set to deport 1,600 immigrantsarrested in Athens. The move comes days after a sweeping crackdown on illegal immigrants that has seen over 6,000 people detained. Speaking to Greek media Public Order Minister Nikos Dendias said of immigration:

The immigration problem is perhaps even greater than the financial one.

Dendias has also made clear what institutional value he thinks immigrants contribute, saying that they are a “bomb at the foundations of society and the state”.

The anti-immigrant rhetoric should not be surprising to anyone. In times of economic hardship xenophobic parties tend to enjoy something of a resurgence. With unemployment on the rise and your pension disappearing it is easy to view those pesky Pakistanis and Afghans as something of a hindrance to your own economic wellbeing.

Such attitudes help account for the impressive electoral gains enjoyed by the Greek far-right party Golden Dawn in the most recent election. When not pulling off stunts like Greek only food handouts Golden Dawn spends its time proposing legislation that would see the Turkish border covered inlandmines.

While xenophobic rhetoric might be getting more audible its factual foundations remains weak.

One of the few parts of the European Union that I like (in principle) is its open border policy. However, largely in part because of the way many European countries organize their welfare systems the policy has been a social disaster, with what are effectively ghettos springing up all over Europe. This naturally leads to a level of social tension that would not otherwise exist to nearly the same extent without governments subsidizing immigration. Many of the immigrants that are the target of xenophobic scorn would be unable to arrive in Europe without government assistance.

Anger should not be leveled at the immigrants themselves but rather the European governments that distort the labor markets. The obvious irony is that the European Union was founded in part to reduce ethnic and nationalist sentiment on the continent.

The fact is that immigrants are great for economies and it is moronic for a country like Greece that is in serious economic hardship to be expelling a ready and willing labor force.

The economic crisis in Europe has made many Europeans angry at all the wrong people. Bankers, the rich, and immigrants have all been accused, in their own ways, of contributing to European economic collapse. Unelected politicians and bureaucrats seem to have escaped almost any criticism.

 

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A last roll of the dice for the euro – and a gathering storm that should terrify us all

Tuesday, May 15th, 2012

 

For the high priests of the European project, these past days have been probably the worst in living memory.

 

With every passing hour, Greece, the birthplace of democracy, looks more likely to exit the eurozone after the country’s voters rejected the strict austerity programme recommended by their European masters.

 

But the turbulence has spread, with the French people having kicked out Nicolas Sarkozy and replaced him  with his Socialist rival, Francois Hollande.

 

 

Turbulence: The political paralysis in Greece is making it more likely that the country will exit the euroTurbulence: The political paralysis in Greece is making it more likely that the country will exit the euro

 

The new president promises massive new state spending to reinvigorate the economy — even though this flies in the face of the austerity pact championed so sternly by Germany’s Angela Merkel.

 

Today, the two countries’ leaders meet as the financial markets ponder a possible rupture in Franco-German relations. This Merkel-Hollande showdown looks set to be the most decisive European meeting since the end of the Cold War.

 

Given the growing panic in the markets, the pair probably have only one chance to decide a clear line and save the  euro — though even that now looks dubious.

 

But the record of the past few years, as well as the deep ideological gulf between the German and French leaders on the issue of ‘growth versus austerity’, means their meeting will probably produce yet another fudge, and the eurozone will slide further towards disaster.

 

Meanwhile, the Spanish government has been forced to bail out the troubled lending giant Bankia, sending tremors though the stock market.

 

All this probably sounds very familiar. For more than four years, the headlines have been full of doom and gloom, with the sorry saga of the euro usually at their heart.

 

 

But the truth is that Europe is approaching the crunch. And in their very different ways, the Greek and French people may have pronounced the death-knell for an economic regime conceived in hubris but now collapsing in ruins.

 

With every passing day, the chances recede that Spain will escape the kind of meltdown that has afflicted Greece and Ireland. With every passing day, too, the chances of the eurozone surviving dwindle still further.

 

 

 

And for our own embattled government — a Coalition that has presided over a second recession and seen its support eroded in the local elections — all of this presents a horrendously daunting challenge.

 

If the euro does collapse, then Britain’s economic revival will be in severe jeopardy. Yet if Brussels and Berlin continue to impose unprecedented austerity on Europe’s people, then the consequences in social alienation, political extremism and international tension could be even more terrifying.

 

Wreckage

 

At the heart of the crisis, as ever, is the wreckage of the Greek economy. Even after months of bad news, the latest figures are genuinely shocking.

 

Under the latest austerity regime, imposed by the EU and the International Monetary Fund in a desperate attempt to slash Greece’s gigantic deficit, unemployment has now hit 22  per cent. Among school-leavers, it is 54 per cent. In the past four years, the Greek economy has shrunk by 20 per cent.

 

Little wonder that so many Greeks, bruised and battered by austerity, have turned to extremist parties, making it impossible to assemble a democratic coalition to run the country.

 

 

Tremors: Spain's government has been forced to bail out the troubled BankiaTremors: Spain’s government has been forced to bail out the troubled Bankia

 

The most likely outcome is that eventually, despite a new election, Greece will end up with an unelected technocratic regime that effectively does the bidding of Brussels and the IMF.

 

The problem, though, is that this would almost certainly provoke bloody street protests, as well as giving an even bigger boost to the parties of the far-Left and ultra-nationalist Right.

 

Whether there is any point persisting with the EU’s austerity plan, though, is another matter. Many observers now believe that Greece has no choice but to abandon the euro, devalue its new currency and start again.

 

A Greek exit would send shock-waves through the eurozone. Portugal and even Spain would probably come under fierce market pressure in their turn.

 

But the really frightening thing is that, actually, this might be the least worst option.

 

Until last week, the Greeks were under pressure from both Berlin and Paris to sacrifice their own interests at the altar of the euro. But the election of Francois Hollande may have changed everything.

 

 

Stalemate: With Greek parties unable to form a coalition, the country may see another unelected technocratic regime imposed from BrusselsStalemate: With Greek parties unable to form a coalition, the country may see another unelected technocratic regime imposed from Brussels

 

In place of austerity, Mr Hollande proposes to start chucking money around as if it grew on the apple trees of his native Normandy.

 

He has promised to hire 60,000 new teachers, to create 150,000 new public sector jobs, to bring the retirement age down to 60, and to take on the ‘financial elite’ he blames for the crisis.

 

Unfortunately, it is not obvious where the money is going to come from considering that the French economy is in a pretty poor state.

 

In any case, if he sticks to his spending promises, he risks alienating the markets, smashing the European fiscal pact and breaking the alliance with Mrs Merkel.

 

What’s more, there is no guarantee that France will escape the European contagion. For it is becoming increasingly and disturbingly clear that there are huge problems across France’s Pyrenean border.

 

Portugal is in a terrible mess. After a €78 billion bailout last year, Lisbon slashed welfare spending, cut public sector pay and put up taxes.

 

 

Wretched: In Spain, half of all under-25s are out of workWretched: In Spain, half of all under-25s are out of work

 

The Portuguese economy is likely to shrink by another 3  per cent this year and the government has even abolished four public holidays in a desperate attempt to boost economic activity.

 

But it is the wretched situation in Spain that is most worrying. Unemployment stands at more than 24 per cent, while half of all under-25s are out of work.

 

The country’s banks are sitting on €184 billion of bad debts, equivalent to more than 17 per cent of Spanish GDP, which they ran up during the disastrous construction boom before 2007.

 

Many experts fear a catastrophic wave of bank losses, sending the Spanish cap-in-hand to the IMF.

 

Of course Ireland, Greece and Portugal have already been down that road. But Spain is a different matter.

 

Meltdown

 

As the fourth biggest economy in the eurozone, Spain accounts for almost 9 per cent of European GDP. A Spanish meltdown would hit many British businesses hard, from airports and airlines to banks, construction firms and travel companies.

 

You would like to think that George Osborne’s Treasury officials have already drawn up contingency plans to deal with the possible collapse of the euro and implosion of the European economy.

 

But the fact is that the British government is the prisoner of events. David Cameron will be a mere spectator at the meeting between Mrs Merkel and Mr Hollande which could have a seismic impact on this country’s economic future.

 

Watching from the sidelines: David Cameron can do little except lobby for an orderly withdrawal of Greece from the euro

 

From Britain’s point of view, that is perhaps the most worrying thing of all: that our future isn’t really in our own hands, but may be decided on the streets of Athens and in the government committee rooms of Berlin.

 

Despite such impotence, Mr Cameron still has to prepare a potential strategy should the eurozone fall to pieces.

 

Many believe he should be lobbying Berlin to allow an orderly, managed retreat from the euro, which might give countries like Greece more chance to recover.

 

Retreat

 

Even so, the Prime Minister can do little as we all watch the death agonies of the euro.

 

Like Ramsay MacDonald during the great European banking crisis of 1931-2, he cannot do much more than watch from the sidelines and cross his fingers.

 

As a student of history, Mr Cameron will know what happened the last time the world economy collapsed in ruins.

 

With capitalism and democracy in retreat, many European countries turned to military strongmen, extremist agitators and xenophobic demagogues. Barely eight years after the continent’s banks had collapsed, the world was at war.

 

As a self-proclaimed optimist, Mr Cameron has no doubt ruled out a return to the nightmares of the Thirties.

 

But for months on end Europe’s leaders have been telling us that we were about to turn the corner. Instead, things have been getting steadily worse, and now they have reached a new low.

 

My own feeling is that things will get a lot worse before they get better.

 

This week’s events may not be the beginning of the end. They may only be the end of the beginning


 

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Neo-Nazis who want to force immigrants into work camps gain foothold in Greek elections as austerity gives rise to Fascism

Sunday, May 6th, 2012

 

As Greece labours under its fourth year of recession, and austerity measures bite hard into the lives of everyday citizens, right-wing politics is gaining a stronger foothold in the country.

 

Figures published yesterday show how unemployment among Greeks under the age of 25 has reached a staggering 51.2 per cent.

 

And it is against this backdrop that a group of neo-Nazi political parties – which would have struggled to even remain on the periphery in happier times – could be influencing policy after Greek parliamentary elections on Sunday.

 

 

Stylised Swastika: Godlen Dawn candidate Giorgos Germanis sits next to a banner with the twisting Maeander, an ancient Greek decorative motif that the party has adopted as its symbol Stylised Swastika: Godlen Dawn candidate Giorgos Germanis sits next to a banner with the twisting Maeander, an ancient Greek decorative motif that the party has adopted as its symbol

 

 

 

 

Aggressive electioneering: A member of Chryssi Avghi (Golden Dawn) at a demonstration in suburban Peraia. Thugs wearing similar shirts have been carrying out vigilante attacks on foreignersAggressive electioneering: A member of Chryssi Avghi (Golden Dawn) at a demonstration in suburban Peraia. Thugs wearing similar shirts have been carrying out vigilante attacks on foreigners

 

The Golden Dawn party, which adopts the Nazi salute and has a stylised swastika as its logo, has already made inroads into local government – in areas of Athens where there are large numbers of immigrants.

 

They have not been considered a relevant political force outside poorer areas of the capital, and have adopted vigilante-style tactics of beating migrants and spraying zenophobic graffiti on city buildings.

 

 

However, some polls show that ultra-nationalist parties such as Golden Dawn, LAOS and Independent Greeks could take as much as 20 per cent of the vote on Sunday.

 

Greek law forbids surveys of voting trends to be published two weeks before the election – but the latest figures show Golden Dawn with a popularity base of between five per cent and eight per cent.

 

 

Traditional face of Neo-Nazism: A Golden Dawn member stands in front of a photo of a party event at a memorial for the 480BC Battle of ThermopylaeTraditional face of Neo-Nazism: A Golden Dawn member stands in front of a photo of a party event at a memorial for the 480BC Battle of Thermopylae

 

Ultra-right: Nikos Michaloliakos, leader of Golden Dawn, is expected to win a seat in the 300-seat Greek parliament on SundayUltra-right: Nikos Michaloliakos, leader of Golden Dawn, is expected to win a seat in the 300-seat Greek parliament on Sunday

 

This easily clears the three per cent threshold for entering the 300-seat Greek parliament – potentially giving Neo-Nazis between eight and 12 MPs.

 

The Independent quotes central Athens candidate Elias Panayiotaros, who pulls no punches when it comes to his immigration policy.

 

He said: ‘All of the immigrants are illegal, even the ones that have been in the country for a long time, and they have to be punished.’

 

Astonishingly, a plank of Golden Dawn’s electioneering includes the proposal to create ‘work camps’ for foreigners refusing to leave Greece of their own accord – a chilling echo of the concentration camps of World War II.

 

The rise of Fascism in Greece is made all the more frightening by opinion polls that predict no clear winner in the upcoming election.

 

The two main parties, centre-right New Democracy and PASOK’s socialists, are likely to attract around 38 per cent of the ballot, barely enough for a parliamentary majority under Greece’s electoral system.

 

Either they will secure just enough to work together, albeit uncomfortably and with a very slim majority, or steps will have to be taken to form a broad coalition with minor parties.

 

This is where the ultra-right can exercise power well beyond its voter popularity. Opposing policies unless their own demands are considered could block important reforms for Greek politics.

 

The right is also firmly opposed to the European Union’s austerity measures.

 

 

Volatile future: Supporters of Leader of the Greek conservative party New Democracy Antonis Samaras wave flags during a pre-election speech in AthensVolatile future: Supporters of Leader of the Greek conservative party New Democracy Antonis Samaras wave flags during a pre-election speech in Athens

 

 

Anti-austerity demonstration: Police react to an exploding petrol bomb during riots in the streets of Athens in February Anti-austerity demonstration: Police react to an exploding petrol bomb during riots in the streets of Athens in February

 

A shaky, divided group of politicians will increase the pressure on the new government to renegotiate parts of the second bailout programme, an ambitious deal struck in February that aims to clear the way for Greece to return to financial markets by 2015.

 

Some economists take the view that Sunday’s election could push Greece back to the nadir it touched in November last year, when there was widespread talk of an exit from the euro zone. The contagion effect would drive Spanish and Italian bond yields straight back into the danger zone, economists say.

 

RISE OF FASCISM IN EUROPE: COUNTRY BY COUNTRY

France: The National Front, led by Marine Le Pen, won nearly 18 per cent of the vote in April’s first round of presidential elections. The party is eyeing seats in June parliamentary elections.

Greece: Golden Dawn is the chief right-wing movement in the country, an openly neo-Nazi party that is one of Europe’s most extreme. Could take a dozen seats in May 6 parliamentary election.

The Netherlands: The Freedom Party, led by Geert Wilders, is the third-largest in parliament – and brought down the minority government by withdrawing support.

Austria: The Freedom Party, having 34 of the 183 seats in parliament, is the second-strongest party in opinion polls.

England: British National Party has a policy that restricts membership to ‘indigenous British people’. Ten local councillors, a fall from 50 in 2008.

Germany: The NPD has two of 16 state legislators but no seats in national parliament. Support base in former Communist east German states, where unemployment and discontent is high.

Norway: The Progress Party holds 41 of 169 seats in parliament and is Norway’s biggest opposition party. More moderate than many European counterparts.

Denmark: The Danish People’s Party is the nation’s third largest political organisation, and has pushed Denmark to adopt some of Europe’s strictest immigration laws.

Sweden: The Sweden Democrats entered parliament in 2010 with 19 of 349 seats, but has had no major impact on legislation.

Finland: The Finns party won 19 per cent of parliamentary election votes in 2011 – up from four per cent four years earlier.

Hungary: Jobbik won nearly 17 per cent of the 2010 vote, and is one of two leading opposition parties.The conservative Fidesz party of Prime Minister Viktor Orban has passed laws restricting civil rights and basic freedoms that go against the country’s EU membership.

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Frontex Reports 57,000 Illegal Immigrants Crossed the Greek Borders in 2011

Thursday, April 5th, 2012

Border management alone cannot solve the vast problem of illegal immigration, noted Michal Parzyszek, spokesperson for the European Union Agency Frontex.

In his interview to SKAI broadcasting agency, Mr. Parzyszek underlined the importance of achieving cooperation on a multi-national level. Both the neighboring countries and the country of origin of the immigrants must agree and fully cooperate to address the mounting problems of illegal immigration.

The situation between Greece and Turkey has been characterized by the Frontex official as complicated, and only a bilateral cooperation could make the border management become more efficient.

The spokesperson of Frontex also added that the EU units have helped the Greek authorities patrol the Greek border areas and provided them with the necessary technical equipment to aid their job. Moreover, Frontex assisted the identification of the incomings’ origin in order to prepare their repatriation.

According to Frontex, 57,000 illegal immigrants were recorded trying to cross the Greek borders in 2011.

“The Greek situation is unique across Europe. Greece cannot face the massive waves of immigrants crossing its borders alone” said Mr. Parzyszek. Moreover, he announced the new operation of Frontex for 2012.

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